The Representation of Black Culture in Beloved by Toni Morrison - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1960 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Literature Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? THE REPRESENTATION OF BLACK CULTURE IN BELOVED BY TONI MORRISON African-American author Toni Morrisons book, Beloved, describes a black culture born out of a dehumanising period of slavery just after the Civil War. Culture is a means of how a group collectively believe, act, and interact on a daily basis. Those who have studied her work refer to Morrisons narrative tales as â€Å"literature†¦that addresses the sacred and as an allegorical representation of black experience† (Baker-Fletcher 1993: 2). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Representation of Black Culture in Beloved by Toni Morrison" essay for you Create order Although African Americans had a difficult time establishing their own culture during the period of slavery when they were considered less than human, Morrison believes that black culture has been built on the horrors of the past and it is this history that has shaped contemporary black culture in a positive way. Through the use of linguistic devices, her representation of black women, imagery and symbolic features, and the theme of interracial relations, Morrison illustrates that black culture that is resilient, vibrant, independent, and determined. Published in 1987, Beloved is a Pulitzer Prize winning novel that recounts how those who survived slavery healed themselves and reflects on the period of slavery in â€Å"a manner in which it can be digested, in a manner in which the memory is not destructive† (Morey 1988: 2). It is this rememory as Morrison calls it that helps those considered â€Å"others† become individuals. Set in Ohio, the book focuses on Sethe; Set hes surviving daughter, Denver; Sethes mother-in-law, Baby Suggs; and the ghost of Sethes dead daughter, Beloved. Throughout the book, â€Å"Morrison communicates an unforgettable sense of the strength, terror and devastation that is part of the black community, whilst skilfully portraying the unalterable connections between spiritual and physical life† (Morey 1988: 1093). One linguistic device used throughout the novel is the use of songs. Slaves use songs as a way to pass down stories but also to help them maintain a sense of inner strength. Morrison â€Å"shows how song defines and affirms slave personhood in a world where slave humanity is constantly challenged and denied† (Capuano 2003: 1). Rather than thinking of song in a negative fashion, â€Å"it chronicles her characters endurance and ability to survive during and after these periods of physical brutality and psychological abuse† that they experienced during slavery (Capuano 2003: 2). This illustrat es how black culture has resilience and an ability to overcome hardship. Singing is an essential aspect of the characters lives alongside food, sleep, and shelter. As the novel related, if Paul D could walk, eat, sleep, [and] sing, he could survive and asked for no more (Morrison 1987: 41). While others may not understand the jargon used in the songs, those singing it and other slaves hearing those songs know what it means, and this is a way to strike some independence and distinct culture for themselves during a period where it is uncommon to think of blacks as even human (Capuano 2003: 4). This community of song enables those within black culture to become stronger. It is â€Å"the collective sharing of that information heals the individual and the collective† (Morey 1988: 1039). In revisiting Morrisons overall theme of turning traumatic memories into a positive force, the songs are a cathartic process used to take this memory, which is â€Å"vital for revisioning communa l and social transformation that is healing† (Baker-Fletch 1993: 4). It is the singing of the women that help exorcise the ghost of Beloved and enable Sethe to break free as if she has been baptized (Morrison 1987: 308). The novel describes Sethe as â€Å"running into the faces of the people out there, joining them and leaving Beloved behind† (Morrison 1987: 309). In addition to songs as a linguistic device, Morrison constantly returns to the word, â€Å"rememory† and â€Å"disremember† rather than using words, such as â€Å"remember† or â€Å"forget.† Morrison uses rememory to show how Sethe constantly keeps the past in her present existence because she cannot forget what happened and lives with the ghost of her guilty conscience and moral dilemma for murdering her daughter and living through slavery. For example, Sethe explains how she struggles with the past: Its so hard for me to believe in [time]. Some things go. Pass on. Some thin gs just stay. I used to think it was my rememory. . . . But its not. Places, places are still there. If a house burns down, its gone, but the place-the picture of it-stays, and not just in my rememory, but out there, in the world† (Morrison 1987: 36). Morrisons creation of her own terms related to how the black culture has to continually deal with its past as though it is a metal neck chain that they cannot unlock. Throughout the book, it seems as though this struggle with rememory is constant for Sethe rather than looking forward to a more opportunistic future: But [Sethes] brain was not interested in the future. Loaded with the past and hungry for more, it left her no room to imagine, let alone plan for, the next day (Morrison 1987: 70). The other characters in the novel attempt to help Sethe loosen the binds of the past. One of the women in town wants to help Sethe exorcise the ghost of Beloved because she â€Å"didnt like the idea of past errors taking possession of th e present† because â€Å"the past was something to leave behind† (Morrison 1987: 302). As part of the black culture, black women represent the pillars of strength within that community as protectors and healers. They are the glue that holds everything together when the world is falling apart around them. Many of the characters have been torn from their families because of the slave traders splitting up families and selling them as slaves to various white masters. Together, they share a history of suffering and an urge to heal and become whole people again. In isolation, black women formed bonds to survive and empower each other to withstand the atrocities of slavery. There is also a sense of the sisterhood still found in African American culture today as the women in the community band together to exercise the ghost of Beloved from Sethes house. It is this camaraderie that helps Sethe heal as an individual and strengthens the black community. In contrast, Paul D and Beloved clash because Beloved sees this male presence as a threat as does her sister, Denver. Both Beloved and Denver want their mother to themselves, furthering the idea that black women stick together while black men are seen as untrustworthy. Paul D does not like Beloved either because he feels isolated from the bond that the women share. However, he lets Beloved seduce him, thereby proving to Sethe and Denver that men cannot be trusted. In terms of imagery, the ghost of Beloved represents the idea that both Sethe and black culture are haunted by a horrible past but being able to live with that spectre in a positive way instead of dreading and fearing their slavery past. As one character states: â€Å"Anything dead coming back to life hurts (Morrison 1987: 35). Beloved also is what is known in African American literatures as the â€Å"trickster.† According to one writer, â€Å"the trickster, whose fluidity and rule breaking define and maintain culture, embodies a cent ral paradox in Morrisons work: that of balancing the urge to maintain and foster cultural tradition and the equally powerful urge to rebel† (Smith 1997: 112). Beloved, as a trickster, is playing with Sethe by stirring up the past rather than continuing to repress it. In some ways, Sethe is still enslaved because she cannot remove the shackles of what happened in the past, including her decision to murder her daughter. Beloved works her magic by getting Sethe to re-examine how the past should be dealt with in the present. Beloveds presence is like a re-birth for Sethe to acknowledge the past while moving forward a stronger, wiser woman for what happened to her and the rest of the black community. The ghost of Beloved really becomes an outward representation of the inward retrospective Sethe is taking of her life so far. While other characters in the novel experience a situation of an alternative self that helps them recover from the past, it is only Sethe that goes through t he process under the most extreme conditions. In positioning the black culture as part of society as a whole, Morrison also explores interracial relations in the novel. During and after slavery, relations between black and white cultures are â€Å"harsh† (Angelo 1989: 1). The relationship between the two cultures is based on the idea of exclusion and lack of tolerance for others. All the black characters have suffered horrific experiences at the hands of white people. Sethe had been raped while Paul D was imprisoned and Stamp Paid lost his wife. Sethe kills her own daughter, Beloved, because she does not want her to have to be treated to the harshness of life that whites have brought on black people. Between the whites and blacks, it is a relationship of take until there was nothing left of the black person: That anybody white could take your whole self for anything that came to mind. Not just work, kill or maim you, but dirty you. Dirty you so bad you couldnt like your self anymore. Dirty you so bad you forgot who you were and couldnt think it up. . . . The best thing [Sethe] was, was her children. Whites might dirty her all right, but not her best thing (Morrison 1987: 251) For Sethe, it is easier to lose her daughter to death than it is for her to see Beloved suffer in this world. It did not seem right to live in a world where they were nameless and faceless to white society. Morrison describes this state as being â€Å"dismembered and unaccounted for†(Morrison 1987: 323). In writing about the black culture rising from the ashes of a horrific period in history, Morrison makes the point that individuality and community are what bind African Americans together. In an interview about her novel, she said: â€Å"The book was not about the institution Slavery with a capital S. It was about these anonymous people called slaves. What they do to keep on, how they make a life, what theyre willing to risk, however long it lasts, in order to relate to one another† (Angelo 1989: 3). While Morrison shows that black people are the same as white people because they are all human beings, the black culture has struggled with an identity and a purpose after white people had taken that away during slavery. Beloved is about an awakening to the ability to be individuals again and feel empowered after shaking the ghost of a dehumanizing history. Each character – man and woman – within the black community of Beloved go through a process of denial and then self-awareness. A sense of community and sisterhood along with the tight bonds of family that cannot be broken even by physical distance are what help Sethe and the black culture overcome the trauma and sorrow of the past. REFERENCES Angelo, B. (22 May 1989). â€Å"The Pain of Being Black.† Time. Available at: https://www.time.com/time/community/pulitzerinterview.html. Baker-Fletcher, K. (April 1993). â€Å"Tar Baby and Womanist Theology.† Theology Today. Available at: https://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/apr1993/v50-1-article3.htm. Capuano, P.J. (2003). â€Å"Truth in Timbre: Morrisons Extension of Slave Narrative Songs in Beloved.† African American Review. Morey, A.J. (16 November 1988). â€Å"Toni Morrison and the Color of Life.† Christian Century, 1039. Morrison, T. (1987). Beloved. New York: Vintage Books. Smith, Jeanne Rosier. (1997). â€Å"Chapter Four—Tar and Feathers: Community and the Outcast in Toni Morrisons Trickster Novels.† Writing Tricksters: Mythic Gambols in American Ethnic Fiction. Berkeley: University of California Press. Fraud Order 201306 This essay/coursework/dissertation was stolen from UK Essays, call 0115 966 7955 to speak to a Fraud Officer now for more details. We have made it available for use as a study resource. Date Of Order: 12/11/07 Date Paid: 15/11/07 Email Address Used: [email  protected]/* */ Likely Course: English Literature Level Of Study: University Level

Comparing The Bhagavad Gita And The Upanishads - 1805 Words

As any other society, India and Greece underwent changes that transformed their thoughts, beliefs, social order, and their idea about this world. Most of these changes were experienced during the Axial Age and the Age of Iron. These periods in history made people question themselves about topics such as life, the world, death, the soul, etc. People attempted to answer these questions through ideas, philosophies, and myths. India gave birth to Hinduism which expanded quickly. This spiritual tradition focused on finding peace and eternal tranquility rather than temporary satisfaction from the worldly pleasures. In order to transmit the idea to other people and guide them through it, they came up with different writings to illustrate this. The Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads are popular writings that exemplify the beliefs and thoughts of Hinduism. The Bhagavad Gita addresses the question about how a person can be one with Brahman, the universal soul or god, while living in this world. This document is set as a dialogue between the warrior Arjuna and his guide and charioteer Krishna. Arjuna is being encouraged by Krishna to fulfill his duty as a warrior and part of the Kshatriyas, one of the higher divisions in the caste system. Arjuna has to enter this battle and fight in order to live up to his duty and consequently live free from attachments and walk in the path of finding himself as one with Brahman. On the other hand, the Upanishads guided all kinds of people regardless ofShow MoreRelatedChristianity And Hinduism : A Theological Perspective1391 Words   |  6 PagesWhen looking at Christianity and Hinduism there are many ways to look at each religion from a theological perspective. This is why the best way to look at the broad view of these religions would be to analyze each by comparing and contrasting what each religion is about. The first point to look at would be at how Hinduism and Christianity are very similar in how they view the world. This can be seen in how they both strive to achieve a state of higher being whether it be with the eternal stateRead MoreSimilarities Between Buddhism And Hinduism1404 Words   |  6 Pagesrelated when comparing the two. Buddhism was created based on the ideologies of Hinduism. There differences on their views with the idea of self and transmigration. They compare with one another with the problems of having senses, desires and anger . Hinduism believes in everything being unified together as one ultimate reality, which is Brahman. Brahman is the truth of all. Atman is considered as the true and pure self. Atman and Brahman are identical with one another. In the Chandogya Upanishad, it statesRead MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Christianity1763 Words   |  8 Pagesreviewing the history and foundation of these religions are their: paths to enlightenment/salvation, the religions treatment of women, and the afterlife. This paper will give a thorough and concise analysis through discussion with the inclusion of comparing and contrasting embedded throughout this paper. One of the most important elements of both religions is their history. The Hindu religion disputably began around 2500 years before the Common Era (B.C.E.) in India. It was geographically based alongRead MoreThe Swadeshi Movement and the Boycott of Imported Items in 1907 in India5612 Words   |  23 Pages intimidate, touch innocent people, shov e them, enter any place without justification, pocket valuable items, etc..[6] Tilak took up the peoples cause by publishing inflammatory articles in his paper Kesari, quoting the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad Gita, to say that no blame could be attached to anyone who killed an oppressor without any thought of reward. Following this, on 22 June, Rand and another British officer Lt. Ayerst were shot and killed by the Chapekar brothers and their other associatesRead MoreAp World History Units 1-3 Study Guide Essay4374 Words   |  18 Pagesconcepts, essential for positional notation and the manipulation of large numbers, was invented by Mayan mathematicians? * Zero 33. The ultimate source of wealth in any agricultural society is * Land 34. This passage from the Upanishads explain what Hindu concept? â€Å"According as a man acts and walks in the path of life, so he becomes. He that does good becomes good; he that does evil becomes evil.† * Karma 35. Which early Mesopotamian ruler believed that the gods had

Animal Cloning It Must Be Stopped free essay sample

It seems that ever since the movie Jurassic Park came out into theaters, scientists have been on a cloning frenzy. In Jurassic Park, the lead scientist, Dr. John Hammond, combined DNA from dinosaurs with amphibian DNA to give life to a dinosaur species. He then took that DNA and cloned it to produce more dinosaurs. This movie led scientists to believe they could clone animals just as Dr. John Hammond did in the movie. Scientists have been trying to clone nearly everything from house pets to cows for beef production, with thoughts of cloning humans in the future. Scientists have also been trying to bring back extinct animals into current environments. However, cloning is not as grand as it is hyped up to be. The methods scientists use to clone an animal have a very high failure rate. If the clone is what scientists call successful, then the clone will have a very high chance of having many different abnormalities after birth. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Cloning: It Must Be Stopped or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Due to the many problems associated with cloning, cloning must be forbidden. Researchers have been trying to successfully clone for many decades. The first time the idea of cloning became real was in 1885 when a German Biologist, Hans Adolf Edward Dreisch, cloned a sea urchin. According to the Health Sciences Department at the University of Utah, Dreisch separated the two-celled embryo in a process called artificial embryo twinning, which allowed each cell to form into two sea urchins (â€Å"The History of Cloning†). In 1902, another German scientist, Hans Spemann, tried Dreisch’s process with a more complex embryo, a salamander. Using Dreisch’s experiment, Spemann found that the process could succeed only up to a certain stage of development depending on which species’ eggs were used. Many years later, in 1952, two American Biologists, Thomas King and Robert Briggs, performed a new process called nuclear transfer with a frog embryo. The Health Sciences Department of the University of Utah states that â€Å"Briggs and King transf erred the nucleus from an early tadpole embryo into an enucleated frog egg† (â€Å"The History of Cloning†). This allowed for the nucleus to form in the new cell, however, this was one of the only successful tries they had completed. Thirty-two years later, Steen Willadsen, a scientist from Denmark, created the first successful mammal from a nuclear transfer. Using a lamb embryo, he sent an electrical shock to a separated cell to fuse to an enucleated egg – an egg that has had the nucleus removed. He then planted the new embryo into the womb of a different mother sheep, which gave birth to new lambs (â€Å"The History of Cloning†). In 1996, after countless tries, Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell produced Dolly, another sheep cloned from an adult somatic cell, which is a cell that has already been formed for a specific function in an animal. After Dolly, scientists wanted to move to bigger organisms, which led to a group of scientists from Oregon in 1997 to take a primate embryo cell and fuse it to an enucleate primate cell. Following Dolly’s and the primate’s birth, questions began forming about human cloning, and controversies began to arise with people wondering if science would contin ue with human cloning. Once Jurassic Park aired, it brought ideas and thoughts to scientists about bringing back extinct animals and endangered animals. So in 2001, a group of scientists cloned an endangered species, a gaur – a species of wild cattle. Unfortunately, it died three days after birth. The scientists still consider the experiment successful since the gaur survived past birth. After the cloning of the gaur, a different group used a goat’s enucleate egg cell as surrogates for a bucardo – a Spanish mountain goat, which died shortly after birth as well. Cloning animals was just the first step scientists needed to start cloning humans. Although scientists have not been successful with human cloning, there have been many who have tried, and who are currently trying to clone humans. With minimal change in the process of cloning over time, it can lead to many problems. One reason cloning should be forbidden is because there is a very high failure rate. The high failure rate is caused by the processes that cell biologists and other scientists use to clone an animal. A process they can follow is called artificial embryo twinning. The Health Sciences Department of Utah University states that in artificial embryo twinning, an embryo is divided into separate cells (â€Å"The Risks of Cloning†). One way an embryo can be separated is by a single strand of hair separating the cytoplasm, a similar procedure Hans Spemann performed when separating salamander cells. The separated cells are then inserted into the uterus of a mother, where they finish developing. When separating the cells, the main reason why cloning fails is because the entire nucleus is not collected or it was not separated correctly by the scientist during the process. Another process that can occur is that scientists first obtain an egg cell from an animal, and then remove its nucleus with a sharp pipette. The scientists will hold the egg cell by using a blunt pipette to keep it in place. They then collect a nucleus from a different animal – the one they want to clone – and place that nucleus into the enucleated egg cell, as shown in Image 1, by using a different sharp pipette. According to an article in Science News, scientists then use a â€Å"jolt of electricity or other stimulus to trick an egg into dividing as if it had been fertilized by a sperm† (Travis 250). After the egg starts dividing, it grows until it’s ready to be inserted into the uterus of a mother animal (Travis 250). For this process, the electricity or other stimulus used to trick the egg to start dividing may cause irregular division, which causes the high failure rate. At an interview, Rudolph Jaenisch, a biology professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, stated â€Å"with cloning, you are asking an egg to reprogram in minutes or, at most, in hours† (Kolata). With these eggs reprograming that fast many problems can occur, causing the rate of success to range between 0.1 to 5 percent (â€Å"What Are the Risks of Cloning?†). This means for every 500 tries, zero to twenty-five clones could be made. When scientists cloned a sheep to produce Dolly, they had tried 277 times, only to produce one clone (Park 56). When the scientists cloned the gaur, out of the 692 egg cells, 81 grew and divided into groups of around 100 cells. Out of those 100, 44 were placed through the process of in vitro into 32 surrogate mothers. Out of those 44, only one, which they named Noah, had survived (Begley 56). Because cloning has such a high failure rate, cloning must be outlawed. When dealing with endangered and extinct species, cloning should not be used to reintroduce the species. First, when cloning endangered or extinct animals, most of the population would lack genetic diversity because there are not that many preserved or live animals to take the DNA from (â€Å"Why Cloning Won’t Save Endangered Animals†). With the lack of diversity, it would be very hard for the species to evolve with the changing environment, so if a disease would arise and one animal contracted the disease, the rest of the population would most likely become infected with the disease as well. Along with the lack of diversity, the lack of space is also a problem with cloning for de-extinction and endangered species to reintroduce these animals to the environment. De-extinction is the process of bringing back to life extinct animals. For example in 2003 scientists tried to clone a Pyrenean ibex, commonly known as a bucardo, which is a type of Spanish mountain goat. The l ast one of the species had died from a tree falling on it (Begley 56). Scientists had predicted and assumed that cloning the bucardo would be faster and easier because of the shorter gestation period compared to the endangered gaur. Although one bucardo survived to birth, the goat died shortly after death (Vogel 2). If there are multiple cloning successes of extinct or endangered animals, there would need to be space in the animal’s natural habitat to re-introduce these animals so they can reproduce and continue living. This is a problem because most of the space where these animals used to live has been either damaged or taken over by humans. Also, if humans truly want to re-introduce these extinct or endangered animals to the wild through cloning, they will have to spend the money and energy to make new space. However, if space and habitats are made, there’s no promise that the environment will be maintained until the animals can thrive on their own. A main reason animals had become endangered or extinct was because of humans hunting the animals or natural disasters. For example, the mammoth was hunted for its fur and its tusks, the dodo bird was hunted for food, and so was the bucardo. If these animals are reintroduced into the wild, back where their habitats are, there is no guarantee humans will not hunt them again, driving the animals back into extinction. Stuart Pimm, who wrote an article for National Geographic about the hunting of re-introduced animals that stated, â€Å"Reintroduce a resurrected ibex to the area where it belongs, and it will become the most expensive cabrito ever eaten.† A cabrito is roasted goat, and because the reason the ibex became extinct was that humans hunted it for food, if they bring the animal back, Pimm states that it would just be eaten again. If these animals became extinct again, it would have been a waste of resources to try to have the animals thriving in the wild by cloning. With hunting, loss of resources, and space, cloning should not be continued especially with endangered and extinct animals. Finally, cloning should be forbidden because if an animal is successfully cloned, there are many abnormalities associated with it that have a high chance to occur. Before birth, pregnancy failure is very common with cloned embryos. A cause of pregnancy failure can be connected to chromosomal abnormalities because of the unnatural division of the embryo through cloning. With chromosomal abnormalities, the missing or damaged genes cause irregular division, which damages the embryo (Schmidt 2). Also with cloning, the embryo may form irregularly, causing the fetus to become extremely large and develop abnormally in the placenta (Schmidt 2). This enlargement is termed large offspring syndrome, or LOS for short. According to Mette Schmidt, an Associate Professor with a PhD in Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, individuals that have LOS develop â€Å"extremely large umbilical veins and arteries and abnormal, asynchronous growth of organs wit h musculoskeletal deformities† (2). These abnormalities result in large internal organs such as the lungs, heart, and liver. With larger organs, the likelihood of a miscarriage is very high and puts the mother at risk while giving birth. If the animal does not have a miscarriage, the likelihood of weak labor, extended gestation, or dystocia, which is disordered or ineffective contractions of the uterus, is also increased with cloning. If a clone does survive and has LOS, the animal will be born much larger than normal or have skeletal abnormalities. Newborns may also have oxygen-depravity, which leads into respiratory problems or death (Travis 250). The cloned animal’s bones and muscles also may be abnormally weak after birth, which prevents them from moving. Even if the newborn seems normal, problems may arise later in life. For example, Dr. Ryuzo Yanagimachi at the University of Hawaii cloned mice, and when they were born, they seemed normal; however, they become massively obese even when receiving the same amount of food as other identical mice that were not born by cloning (Kolata). Clones can also develop diseases and other infections more rapidly than normal births. An example of this is when the baby gaur was born, he seemed normal, started to walk and act like a gaur, however, overnight, the guar developed a bacteria called clostridium, which causes diarrhea in newborns, resulting in death the next day even with antibiotics (Vogel 2). With cloning, the embryo can develop incorrectly, which causes many abnormalities, and even death to individuals, which is why cloning should be forbidden because of its unpredictability. Even with these problems, there are scientists who want to continue from animals on to humans. These scientists want to move forward to use human cloning to treat illnesses. The process scientists would be using is the nuclear transfer process they have been using for many years with cloning animals. Scientists arguing for cloning humans â€Å"every species is different, and it remains possible that it will be easier and safer to clone humans than it is to clone other species† (Kolata). However, the same problems are just as likely in humans as they are in any other species. To argue against scientists who want to continue to cloning humans, Rudolf Jaenisch states, â€Å"Our experience with animal cloning allows us to predict with a high degree of confidence that few cloned humans will survive to birth and of those the majority will be abnormal† (â€Å"Goodbye Dolly†¦and Friends?† 711). Cloning needs to stop because if it continues, there’s a greater chance human cloning will occur and fail, causing a backlash against science by the public. Cloning needs to be prevented from occurring because of the many issues associated with the process. Throughout the history of cloning, abnormalities from incomplete division cause a high failure rate. However, even if it successfully births an animal, there is not enough space for the animals to thrive in the wild. People should not look forward to dinosaurs in the future, because there comes a point in science where the energy spent researching and trying to come up with a solution is too great, which is why cloning needs to be stopped now, not later.

Marketing And The Media Essays - Business Ethics, Codes Of Conduct

Marketing And The Media Matthew Courtney May 2000 Media Ethics and Their Relation to Business In this world, there is an obvious connection between the media and its involvement in business ethics. No matter what the form of media looked at, they all have the ability of being either an aid to businesss success or a detriment. The press and the media are responsible for reporting news, issues and events as clearly as possible. Any distortions can cause the message being sent to be misinterpreted or completely wrong. News organizations are given a responsibility of representing the public interest. In order to gain the publics trust, such broadcasters are required to work within the parameters of ethical and responsible new casting. No matter what the issue, company or news being reported on, every media organization works off of a Code of Ethics. This is a sort of safeguard to the honesty of the organization. It demands truth telling, privacy of individuals being documented, and avoids the many conflicts that could possibly arise as a result of misinforming the public. Stylebooks are also used in order to form a generalized style of writing to allow for easy read through, from one writer to the next. There are many different kinds of businesses in this world. The successes of these businesses are primarily as a result of their reputation. The media winds up being a medium that forms many of the reputations. The way a news broadcast, print, radio and even Internet presents a company has a great effect on the resulting emotion or feeling one associates with a business or company. This is why the media ethics are so important to the introduction, growth, and development of a company. Large companies rely on their name in the media and are always ready to respond to any situation with a quick answer or rebuttal. In addition to the reputation of a company being important, so is the reputation of the organization doing the broadcast. Names in the business world that are known to be accurate and reliable include CNN, CSPAN, local news stations such as CBS, NBC, ABC etc. Those who watch the business world closely are more inclined to go to reliable sources for their information. What is reported on these stations are considered as true based mainly on their past records. But when the occasion does arise, where the media goes about treating a business, or situation in an unethical manner many problems arise. In order to understand this type of situation clearly, it is good to look at actual examples where the media ethics become involved in communicating or the miscommunication of a business. Many recent problems in the media world are being attributed to the advances in technology. Although these advances are great and making life easier, things are being done so quickly that many important steps are being forgotten. In the rush to present a story first, many journalists are forgetting to be accurate and balanced in their covered stories. The pressures of live broadcast are requiring journalists to focus on a new set of questions in order to check and be sure the position and format in which they present their story is clear of any unethical issues. A committee known as SPJ is focused on the ethics of journalism in all forms of media and claims The SPJ Code of Ethics encourages journalists to minimize harm by recognizing that our coverage can hurt, cause discomfort or be insensitive. During an event we must remember to show good task. Avoid pandering to lurid curiosity. Being aware is the most important thing. As long as the media is aware of the impact they will have on their audience, they will be better able to communicate the core of what is at hand. In the business world there is so much competition, that failure is a common thing. In order to be secure in the business world ethics becomes unavoidable. The press and media are attracted to ethical issues on both sides of the matters. A business that is ethical will be regarded and presented almost always in an ethical manner. These are the ones who succeed and are able to make a reputation

In Mrs Tilschers Class Essays

In Mrs Tilschers Class Essays In Mrs Tilschers Class Essay In Mrs Tilschers Class Essay Essay Topic: Poetry A skittle o f milk, this shows that they are having fun. They might be playing a game. The classroom glowed like a sweet shop, sugar paper and coloured shapes were all the things of happiness. It shows the teacher loved children, and children loved her. Its magical and looks as if there is a party because of all the wonderful decorations. The poet describes these changes very well, he tries to emphasis and make the readers experience all of the things she went through. There are small statements, which the poet tries to describe very well. A skittle of milk The word skittle might try to tell readers that the children are having fun by playing a game. Also the word milk, which might mean spread. The poet tries to persuade readers that children are having fun; by this he has said this (A skittle of milk). The laugh of a bell The word laugh means happiness, this is linked with the bell because both of them communicate with happiness. The bell ringing is a human sound. Laugh is positive and it associates with having fun. The poet does describe them well. The classroom was filled with decoration and then this is when the fun starts to end. A xylophones nonsense, someone is having fun it is not a tune. The inky tadpoles change into exclamation marks, this links them to be growing up. The children are more rood, A rough boy told you how you were born She imagines her mum with her legs wide open and thinks, is that were she comes from? This change is described well by the poet, the wording is just right. Very well done to the poet. Towards the end of the school the weather gets worse. That feverish July, the air tasted of electricity The word feverish reminds you of cold and fast winds in that month. The poet describes this well as well as, the air tasted of electricity. This describes that the primary school days are nearly over, and the weather also links with this, ideas are changing. The poet tries to link the weather with the end of the school year, and she does this extremely well. Towards the end of the school year as reports were handed out, you ran through the gates, ready to go to your next school. The sky split open into a thunderstorm The thunderstorm represents the end of the school year, which is finally over. This obviously is after all the fun and laughter in the beginning scenes. When children are filled with happiness, the entire classroom is filled with wonderful decorations. You loved Mrs Tilscher, and she also loved you. Then the thunderstorm at the end occurred because of the end of the school year, as children grew up from tadpoles to exclamation marks (adults). Children started to be more rood. Also towards the end, the weather changes, as it is fiercer towards the end of the school year. Valentine * An onion is unusual about the poets choice of a valentine gift. Its not the usual red rose or satin heart. Not a red rose or a satin heart It has a shape, which is equivalent to a sphere. It also has a brown substance, which is wrapped around it. The onion is very unusual but has lots of meanings as well as feelings for the person that will receive it. You look forward to having it because, It promises light * This particular gift was chosen because it means a lot for the person who receives it. It promises light. Brightness and positive vinculum together, thats why this gift has been chosen. Like the undressing of love This means that you can take your clothes off and start love, this is similar when the to the onion, when it has its brown paper taken of it. It contains lots of different layers. * There are several different affects that the person will receive. It will blind you with tears When you look at an onion tears start to appear in your eyes, it leads to tears just like a rose does. There will be a disowned image in the mirror, your reflection will be smudgy and will not be seen properly because of the tears that appeared on your face. Where caused by an onion that meant a lot to you. It will make your reflection a wobbling photo of grief The fierce kiss stays on your lips, which means love will last long and will carry on forever. Its fierce kiss will stay on your lips The taste of an onion lasts long. Stealing I learn that the thief is alone and has no friends; this leads to him stealing and making himself occupied. He has nothing to do; his life is dull and shadowed. What I deduce about the thief is that he has no human friends, and no relationships. I also deduce that the snow mans mind is cool as a slice of ice. He has a cold mind. With a mind as cold with a slice of ice I learn that he says, Better off dead then giving in, not taking what you want What he means by this is that you might as well be dead if you cannot take what you want. If you want something you should take it, and this is his advice for himself and also his point of view. * The thief takes the snowman because he has no human friends because if this he treats the snowman as a friend. He took him because he had a mind, which was cold, this is why he wanted him. He looked magnificent tall white mute beneath the winter moon He takes him one by one and starts with head. He said, he weighed a ton. There is some sort of vinculum between the thief and the snowman. He also takes him so children would cry in the morning. Knowing that the snowman has gone he likes to hurt children. Part of the thrill was knowing that children would cry in the morning. Lifes tough * The poet presents the ideas convincingly step by step; he explains what the thief does and what he thinks of the snowman. Sometimes I steel things I dont need The poet first writes down what he does need but doesnt say that, then he comes across what he doesnt need, all of which is only for entertainment. The poet makes the thief answer as if someone is asking a question. I took some time The poet also writes what the thief thinks of himself. Mostly Im so bored I could eat myself This shows that he has nothing to do; the poet at the end convinces readers that the thief is telling the questioner what he has said. You dont understand a word Im saying do you? This suggests that only the thief knows what he is doing and saying. It also suggests that he is completely different from other ordinary humans.

Trials and Verdicts

Trials and Verdicts The important result of the legal decision-making process is the verdict which can end the trial process and state the form of punishment for the convicted person.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Trials and Verdicts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, to understand the details related to interpreting the cases and law and to stating the verdict, it is necessary to analyze the processes related to different courts according to their jurisdiction, and to focus on the real-life examples in order to discuss the problems of accepting a plea bargain and of being wrongly accused. The question of the court’s jurisdiction is discussed when it is necessary to select which court can decide on the certain case appropriately. Following the Felkner v. Jackson case, it is possible to state that different courts are effective to discuss concrete issues and decide on the aspects of the case, but the process of t he case resolution can be rather long and complicated. In 2011, Steven Frank Jackson was convicted of many sexual offenses. However, Jackson referred to the Batson v. Kentucky case, and focused on the issue of racism in relation to the California jury who discussed the case. Jackson’s petition was accepted and examined by the California Court of Appeal, and then the California Supreme Court decided according to the court’s jurisdiction to reject the necessity of the case’s review (Felkner v. Jackson, 2011). Nevertheless, the case was not unresolved even in relation to the Federal District Court. In this situation, the Supreme Court took the jurisdiction to provide the decision, and the previous courts’ decisions were defined as unreasonable. Finally, it is stated by the Supreme Court of the United States that the petition â€Å"for certiorari and the motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis are granted. The judgment of the Court of Appeals for the N inth Circuit is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion† (Felkner v. Jackson, 2011). As a result, it is possible to note that the decision to discuss the case in the Supreme Court of the United States is appropriate because of the necessity to resolve all the controversial points of the case which cannot be resolved in the other courts.Advertising Looking for research paper on constitutional law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The cases when the defendant accepts a plea bargain as an alternative to trial are also very controversial and complicated because this decision can be associated with a kind of pressure from attorneys and prosecutors. Furthermore, the defendant can change his or her decision during the process. Thus, to discuss the question in detail, it is necessary to focus on the Freeman v. United States case (2011). William Freeman was convicted of dif ferent crimes associated with drug trafficking and drug delivery. However, Freeman decided to develop the plea agreement under Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(1)(C). The agreement meant that Freeman could plead guilty depending on receiving a specific sentence. The case was rather complicated, and it was decided in 2011 that referring to 18 U.S.C.  § 3582(c)(2), the sentence could be reduced â€Å"for the offense to which the defendant pled guilty† (Freeman v. United States, 2011). In spite of the fact that the plea agreement does not mean the alternative to the trial, the case is important to be discussed to decide whether or not justice was served. Referring to this concrete case, it is possible to state that the justice was served because the severity of crimes should be taken into account every time when the possibility of the plea agreement is discussed. The most problematic cases are those ones in which defendants are wrongly accused and later vindicated. One of the most famou s cases is the case associated with the famous sportsman Brian Banks who was convicted of raping Wanetta Gibson. Brian Banks accepted a plea bargain because of the threat to be imprisoned for more than 40 years. However, in 2011, it became possible to state that Banks was not guilty, and he was vindicated. The most important aspect to be discussed in relation to the case is the fact that Wanetta Gibson lied during the first trial process in order to receive the significant financial compensation (Powers, 2012). The decision of the court could be different, but the lawyers failed to prove or not Gibson’s words. That is why, these details affected the whole trail process, and Brian Banks had to accept the plea agreement in order to avoid being imprisoned for a long period of time.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Trials and Verdicts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In spite of the fact, the United State s’ legislative system should contribute to the people’s welfare and protection, there are many controversial verdicts and trials which can influence the statement of the principles of justice in the country. From this point, it is necessary to pay much attention to the controversial aspects and issues discussed during the trial processes in order to resolve cases in the appropriate courts with the focus on their jurisdiction and to avoid the ineffective decisions which can lead to the unalterable consequences. As a result, all the details of the case should be taken into consideration to decide on the person’s guilt and possible verdict. References Felkner v. Jackson. (2011). Retrieved from https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/10-797.pdf Freeman v. United States. (2011). Retrieved from https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/09-10245.pdf Powers, A. (2012). A 10-year nightmare over rape conviction is over. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/local/l a-xpm-2012-may-25-la-me-rape-dismiss-20120525-story.html

Security awareness Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Security awareness - Article Example security awareness campaign will ensure the employees are informed and updated on various security issues that are vital in protection of the company’s resources. Security awareness campaign will aim at creating an environment that is secure in order to protect the organization and clients from breaches (McGovern, 52). The campaign will target creation of awareness and will incorporate the use of topical posters, online general awareness courses, newsletter, videos, email campaigns and forums. The goal of the campaign is to ensure reinforcement of security best practices. The campaign will target all the departments in the organization. The topics to be covered during the training entails email safety, mobile security, physical security, passwords and access control, importance of individual responsibility, definition of key cyber security terms, phishing, social engineering, data protection and destruction, threats and virus protection, internet safety, federal information and security management act together with demonstration of practical examples of vulnerability and security threats. The campaign and training will target one department at a time with an intention of ensuring all the departments are covered. At the end of the training the employees should be able to avoid breaches, pass audit requirement for compliance, create a secure environment for the organization, practice and learn secure habits and gain awareness of vulnerabilities and information security threats. The employees will be observed after the training period to assess the impact of the program (McGovern,

Effect of reverberation and amplification on sound localisation Essay

Effect of reverberation and amplification on sound localisation - Essay Example Binaural cues are based on the processing of differences in intensity, time and frequency correlation between both ears in the central nervous system. Localisation can be affected by any number of factors, including age, hearing loss, gender, handedness, environmental conditions and sound variations. An important factor in sound localisation is reverberation, which affects auditory perception and can provide listeners with a cue for sound distance. Reverberation refers to the acoustic environment that surrounds a sound, and is defined as the combined effect of multiple sound reflections within a room. Hearing loss may affect listening in reverberation by distorting the speech spectrum, therefore it is interesting to further investigate the effect of reverberation on speech localisation. Sound localisation may also be affected by hearing aids, as these may affect the localisation cues. Sound localisation therefore can be both negatively and positively affected by hearing aids. Directi onal microphones may disrupt binaural cues for localisation, as they can artificially change the inter-aural level and phase differences, which are both critical cues for localisation. ... However, previous studies are contradictory as to whether bilateral or unilateral hearing aids are better when in terms of sound localisation. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the contribution of adding reverberation on a listening environment to the abilities of normal hearing and hearing impaired listeners in localising speech and non-speech signals, and to evaluate whether it is necessary to add reverberant environments in clinical testing. Another objective of the study will be to determine if adding reverberation makes localisation more challenging for hearing impaired listeners in comparison to normal hearing listeners. The second main purpose of the present study is to understand the effect of the hearing loss and the hearing aid amplification systems on the utilization of the localisation cues in reverberant and anechoic environments. These two factors will be investigated separately by comparing the hearing impaired performances with and without hearin g aids in both listening environments. 1.2 Thesis Outline Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Background and Literature Review. This chapter introduces the concepts and literature on horizontal sound localisation in both normal and hearing impaired listeners. Background information on reverberation, and what is known on the effects of reverberation on our ability to localise sound sources in the horizontal plane, is also introduced. Chapter 3 Experimental Design. This chapter describes the experimental set-up and apparatus used in the localisation experiments in the thesis. It will further provide some details of the stimuli, reverberation, and the methods, used in simulating different reverberant environments. Chapter 4 KEMAR Measurements. This chapter reports the measurements

Stand By Me Story Essay Example for Free

Stand By Me Story Essay Stand By Me is the story of four twelve year olds living in a small town in the year 1959, whose lives were changed by a chance adventure that they embarked on at the end of an indolent summer. The four boys were Gordie Lachance, Chris Chambers Teddy Duchamp, and Vern Tessio. The boys had their own tree house with its special club rules, including a secret knock, and spent their time in meaningless arguments, playing games, or just hanging out. Although on the surface they are typical pre-adolescent boys, you soon find out that underneath their normal bravado and enthusiasm, each of them have problems at home to deal with. Gordies older brother Denny was recently killed in an auto accident, and his parents have not handled it well. They mope around their house and continually ask Gordie (who is an aspiring writer) why he isnt more like his brother, who was a popular athlete in town. Gordies best friend, Chris, who is intelligent, brave, and the natural leader of the group, has an alcoholic father, who constantly beats him, and an older brother who is a delinquent. Everyone in town figures that Chris will follow in their footsteps, so he is very much afraid of what his future will be. Teddy is the son of an emotionally disturbed war veteran who has abused him all his life. In his mind Teddy cannot accept his situation, so he has created a fantasy world in which his father is an All American war hero instead of an inmate in a mental hospital. Vern is on the chubby side, somewhat uncoordinated, and is constantly the butt of jokes. Verns older brother likes to push him around when he is there, and so Vern spends a fair amount of time hiding out. Yet Vern ends up being the catalyst of the story. He accidentally overhears his older brother describe the location where he is pretty sure that the dead body of a missing boy from the town that everyone had been looking for actually lies. This gives him a chance to be important in the pecking order of the club, and he brings this information to the other boys. Intrigued by the thought of seeing a real dead body and excited at the prospect of becoming heroes in the town for finding it, the boys decide to walk the twenty miles, which will take them two days to complete. They each tell their parents that they are spending the night at their friends house, but given their home situations, its not really a problem for them to take off. The journey starts off well enough, peppered with the bickering chatter  typical of twelve year olds, but soon they realize how unprepared they are. No one remembered to bring along any food and they have very little money. Read more:  Description of a fantasy city. This leads to their first adventure along the way as Gordie is elected to buy food at a store, but must sneak through the junkyard to do so. They end up being discovered by the junkyard owner who sics his dog on them for trespassing on his property. Later they out-run a train on a bridge, tell stories by the campfire, and have a traumatic experience with leeches when they take a shortcut through a swamp. Meanwhile, Ace Merrill leader of an older gang of town kids finds out about the location of the body from Verns older brother and decides to go find the body also, for basically the same reasons. The story comes to its climax point as the two groups square off at the site of the dead body. While Stand By Me seems to be another coming of age film, its meaning and interest really exists on two levels. The entire story is told in a series of flashbacks, narrated by the adult Gordie who is now a successful writer, and is lamenting a news clipping about the death of his childhood buddy Chris, who had succeeded in overcoming his self doubts and dysfunctional family situation to become a lawyer. Chris was killed because of the way he had lived, bravely intervening during an altercation in a restaurant, and suffering a knife wound for his efforts. You enter the mind of the writer throughout this film, in the way that the story is told, how the flashbacks move around in time when necessary, and especially in the hilarious story within a story told by Gordie at the campfire about Lardass Hogan and the pie eating contest. While the boys characters are quite believable, well acted, and superbly cast, the cathartic revelations of the boys innermost feelings, fears, and self-doubts almost on cue show the sure hand of writer Stephen King more than a sense of total reality.

Essay --

The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus, also known as MERS CoV, has quickly emerged and spiraled its way into becoming one of the most dangerous diseases. First identified in Saudi Arabia, this rapid spreading virus has taken hold of many people’s lives in the short year it has existed. From raging fevers to shortness of breath, this syndrome is one that can affect anyone of any age. Not only has it made a home in human’s bodies, but it has also been found in bats as well as camels. By spreading to other creatures, the race to find a cure has intensified sharply. This new illness is one that everyone should have a concern for and without inaction against this syndrome, the whole world is at risk. Described to be a threat to the entire world, the Middle East respiratory Syndrome is life threatening and nothing but serious. This viral respiratory illness is caused by a coronavirus, which is a virus that can cause a variety of diseases in both humans and animals, called MERS CoV. It has a relation to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), which was formerly a deadly virus as well. Killing ten percent of the people in nearly thirty countries, starting with China, it made two thousand a year no one could forget. With the idea that MERS is something potentially that ghastly, people are in great fear (Infection Control Update: The Emerging Threat of CRE). This virus also acts like the common cold but with much more severe symptoms. It aims straight for the respiratory system and signs usually start with raging fevers, expectoration, a cough, diarrhea, and shortness of breath, which can last for seven days. That then can lead to renal and kidney failure, and pneumonia (Health experts warn agains MERS-CoV). After several ... ... it’s not at all like the common cold. (Infection Control Update: The Emerging Threat of CRE). The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, also known as MERS, has recently become one of the world’s biggest concerns. First identified in the middle in two thousand twelve, little did know how big of a problem it would become. From raging fevers to kidney failure, this deadly virus is nothing but dangerous and can take anyone’s life in simply seven days. Affecting Saudi Arabia more than any other country or region, it’s taken a total of sixty four lives in the short year it has existed. Not only has it infected humans, but its coronavirus has also implanted itself into other species such as bats and camels. It spreads with the touch of a hand but if everyone, not only in Saudi Arabia, but in the whole world works together, we could find a cure and end this harmful disease.

Absolute and Relative Surplus Value – Seminar

In contemporary social science, the concept of â€Å"value† has attained currency in such disciplines like Economics, Sociology, Political science etc. in these disciplines, value is considered as those essentials needed by members of a society. It is further seen as scarce resources pursued by competing groups. Value in political economy, basically refers to that portion that creates wealth or the so called reward for the â€Å"risk taker†, the entrepreneur.In other words, value refers to that unpaid labour of the worker which the capitalist pockets or recapitalizes. It should be noted that, the concept of value is an integral part of the labour process in general, capitalist commodity production, wear and tear of the working class and of course class antagonism. In essence, the concept of value (Absolute and Relative) cannot be understood without recourse to the mode of production that brings it about as well as the nature of social relations of production.Under capit alism, labour power becomes a commodity and like any commodity, it has its value and use value. The value of any commodity like labour power is determined by the expenditure of social labour on its production and reproduction. Therefore, surplus value is derived from surplus labour of a worker. The worker creates a value which the owner of the means of production appropriates without compensation. Marx’s Das Capital not only revealed the exploitation surrounding the extraction of surplus value, he as well revealed the degree and ratio of exploitation involving the labour power of the workers.In this direction, he maintained that that surplus value can be categorized into â€Å"Absolute and Relative†. With this, Marx gives an analogy of how the value of labour power is used in extending capital. A school master is a productive labour or his labour power becomes of value when he finds himself in a school factory, that he must ensure that teaching and non-teaching staffs become productive as to ensure not only the preservation of capital assets of the owner of the means of production but that they produce surplus value that exceeds the rate of hiring them.Beyond this, Marx situated the social relations of production in historical context which has continued to associate the worker and surplus value creation. From the foregoing, capitalist exploitation of the labour power of workers can be looked at from two angles: the first being the production of Absolute surplus value which becomes possible in the prolongation of the working day. In other words, to Marx, Absolute surplus value is obtained by increasing the amount of time worked per worker in a given time.From one stand point, any distinction between Absolute and Relative surplus value appears illusory. Relative surplus value is Absolute since it compels the absolute prolongation of the working day beyond the labour time necessary to the existence of the labourer himself; While Absolute surplus va lue is relative since it makes necessary such a development of the productiveness of labour, as will allow of the necessary labour time being confined to a portion of the working day.The second way of increasing the degree of the exploitation of labour power through the relative surplus value which is derived by a reduction of the necessary labour time without any changes in the working day. For Marx, it is possible to reduce the labour time primarily by increasing social labour productivity in branches producing means of subsistence for the workers. Consequently, both the Absolute and Relative surplus value are defined within the logic of the establishment of capitalism which perpetually subjects labour to capital.Again, Marx tries to highlight the differences between the Absolute and Relative surplus value, which he says is defined with the establishment of the capitalist mode of production; that is it is the prolongation of the working day beyond the point at which the labourer w ould have produced just an equivalent for the value of his labour power, and the appropriation of that surplus labour by capital. Although, as a special method of reducing relative surplus value, he continues capitalist industries get operated by by the army of workers themselves with the ultimate aim of ensuring the revolution of the entire capitalist production.It is with regard to the forgoing, that the author presupposes that when the above two conditions that creates surplus value for the capitalists are absent or when the labour spends all his labour time for the reproduction of himself, then the cycle of capital reproduction is obstructed and class division disappears. However, Marx goes on to say that the increasing complexity of the needs of society has correspondingly increased the absolute and relative surplus value extracted in the process of production.Regarding the origin of surplus value and labour power from its engagement, Marx is of the opinion that it was influenc ed under two conditions: The first being the subsistence of workers when man gathered natural wealth for subsistence. The second is market conditions when market production got underway, instruments of labour such as navigable rivers, wood, coal, metal etc became important in the capitalist production of goods and services. Inhering from the consequence of commercial production is the issue of climatic change which is caused the excessive demand for consumer goods.So, the lesser the natural wants of man; the greater the fertility of the soil and the suitable climatic conditions and ultimately, the less impoverished the labourer. From the foregoing, the capitalist mode of production, according to Marx, thrives on man’s assertiveness on the wealth of nature. The differentiation of the fertility of the soil and its components such as the changes of the seasons informs social division of labour in societies and by extension multiplied human wants, his capabilities, means of produ ction and surplus value. t therefore follows that human labour is the only source of new economic value since it is indispensable for the conservation and transfer economic value (maintenance and redistribution of capital assets). In other words, the ability of the capitalist to manipulate the surplus labour time in order to produce surplus product is the starting point for the extraction of surplus value. Bourgeois economists such as David Ricardo did not see surplus value as the driving force behind the productiveness of labour rather as an essential part of labour production that determines surplus value.Again, this view of the Bourgeois scholars contrasts from that of the merchantilists which believe that surplus value originates from the aspect of exchange of the labour product above its original value. Another, bourgeois scholar with yet another perspective is John Stuart Mill who sees surplus value as inhering from the duration of the product of labour. In other words, Mill b elieved surplus value can still be made without the exchange value of commodities. But, in reality, surplus value can be derived from subtracting the total expenditure made in the process of production and exchange from the final price of the commodity.Surplus value is in fact the main goal and the driving force of capitalist production. It is also important to note that it is on the basis of the engagement of labour power that surplus value is extracted. Since capital needs a steady flow of labour power to preserve the capital assets and provide surplus value, it is where the mystery of capitalist exploitation lies, it becomes pertinent to examine the views of Karl Marx on the following Sub themes: CHANGES OF MAGNITUDE INTHE PRICE OF LABOUR POWER AND IN SURPLUS VALUE: Labour power is determined by the expenditure of social labour on its production and reproduction. In other words, in order to live and work, a worker has to have food, clothes, housing, etc , in order to meet his nee ds and fulfill his role as a member of society. Essentially, for Marx, there are three important factors that determine the value of labour power: i.The value of the necessaries required by the worker ii. The expenses involved in skills acquisition of the labourer iii. The value of the means of subsistence required to maintain the worker’s family. In addition, labour power has a specific use value which no other commodity possesses. For example, the use value of commodities such as bread, clothes, footwear, writing materials, etc is fully used up in the process of consumption while the use value of labour power has the capacity to produce more value than it has itself.This also constitutes the cradle of capitalist exploitation and appropriation of surplus value. It is based o the above premise that Marx underscores that the Relative magnitudes of surplus value and of price of labour power are determined by three circumstances: a. The length of the working day b. The normal in tensity of labour c. The productiveness of labour The above factors or circumstances could variously be combined. One of the three factors could be constant and the others variable or two constant and one variable or lastly all three simultaneously variable.The following analogy further explains the various combinations that determine the relative magnitudes of surplus value and the value of labour power: LENGTH OF THE WORKING DAY AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR CONSTANT. PRODUCTIVENESS OF LABOUR VARIABLE : The above assumptions are determined by three laws: First, a working day of a given length always creates the same amount of value, irrespective of the productiveness of labour and with it the mass of the product and the price of each of the product may vary.What the capitalist would do in this circumstance in order to extract surplus value is to divide the working day into two parts: The first is the necessary labour time and the other is surplus labour time. The capitalist maximizes th e utility of the surplus labour time in which time the worker expends surplus labour and creates surplus value. Again, Marx added that the outcome of labour process varies with the productiveness of labour. Second, surplus value and the value of labour power vary in opposite directions.A variation in the productiveness of labour, its increase or decrease influence the variation in the opposite direction of the value of labour power and in the same direction in surplus value. In other words, the capitalists through the intensity of labour can reduce the value of labour power, while at the same time increase their extraction of surplus value. Further, the value of labour power cannot fall and consequently surplus value cannot rise without a rise in the productiveness of labour.For instance, a working day of seven hours created a value of #10,000 as a constant. The constant quantity is the sum of the surplus value plus the value of labour power; therefore, neither of them can increase without the other diminishing. It then follows that the value of the labour power cannot decrease from #10,000 to #8,000 unless an increase in the productiveness of labour makes it possible to produce in five hours the same quantity of necessaries as previously required in 7 hours to produce.On the other hand, the value of the labour power cannot rise from #10,000 to #12,000 without a decrease in the productiveness of labour, whereby 9 hours become sufficient to produce the same quantity of necessaries for the production of which 7 hours previously sufficed. Third, increase or diminution in surplus value depends on the corresponding diminution or increase in the value of labour power. Every change of magnitude in surplus value arises from an inverse change of magnitude in the value of labour power.According to this third law, a change in the magnitude of surplus value presupposes a movement in the value of labour power, which movement is brought about by a variation in the productiv eness of labour. WORKING DAY CONSTANT. PRODUCTIVENESS OF LABOUR CONSTANT. INTENSITY OF LABOUR VARIABLE : In this case, increased intensity of labour in a constant working day of 7 hours will amount to more products than one of less intense labour. Productiveness of labour will also result in more products in a given day of 7 hours.Evidently, the mass of surplus value can be increased both by increasing the rate of the exploitation of labour power and by increasing the number of wage workers. In addition, the reduction of the value of the workers means of subsistence and consequently the value of labour power or a reduction of the necessary labour time and increase in the surplus labour time can generate surplus value in the process of capitalist production. Again, technology increases surplus value at the expense of labour power.In fact, capitalism as a social system puts all the achievements of the technical progress at the service of non-working, parasitic classes and dooms the wo rking class to poverty and rightlessness. Machines serve to intensify the exploitation of labour and wear out the human organism at a faster pace. When the value created by a day’s labour increases from #8,000 to #10,000, then the two parts into which this value is divided, ie price of labour power and surplus value may both increase simultaneously, equally or unequally.Here, the rise in the price of labour power does not necessarily imply that the price has risen above the value of labour power. On the contrary, the rise in price may be accompanied by a fall in value. This occurs whenever the rise in the price of labour power does not compensate for its increased wear and tear. PRODUCTIVENESS AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR CONSTANT. LENGTH OF THE WORKING DAY VARIABLE: The length of the working day creates a greater or less amount of value. In addition, every change between the magnitudes of surplus value and the value of labour power arises from a change in the absolute magnitudes of the surplus labour.Furthermore, the absolute value of labour can change only in consequence of the reaction exercised by the prolongation of surplus labour upon the wear and tear of labour power. From the foregoing, one can conclude that: A shortening of the working day under the conditions leaving the value of labour power and its necessary labour time unaltered; it then reduces the surplus labour and surplus value. A change in the productiveness and intensity of labour either precedes or immediately follows a shortening of the working day.Second, if the working day be lengthened say 2 hours and the price of labour power remain altered; the surplus value increases both absolutely and relatively. In other words, the change of relative magnitude in the value of labour power is the result of the change of absolute magnitude in surplus value. The point to be emphasized here is that the wear and tear of workers is not adequately compensated in Nigeria. SIMULTANEUOS VARIATIONS IN THE DURATION, PRODUCTIVENESS AND INTENSITY OF LABOUR The ifferent variations are capable of counteracting one another, either wholly or in part. In speaking of diminishing productiveness of labour, it is in relation with those industries whose products takes care of the subsistence of the worker such as the fertility of the soil and the consequent dearness of its products like food, shelter, clothes, etc. In the latter case, should there be no change in the working day, the capitalists will experience a fall in surplus value because the price of the labour power required for production would have increased.Therefore, with diminishing productiveness of labour and a simultaneous lengthening of the working day, the absolute magnitude of surplus value may continue unaltered, at the same time that its relative magnitude diminishes; its relative magnitude may continue unchanged at the same time that its absolute magnitude increases; both the absolute magnitude and relative magnitude may incre ase in so far as the duration of the working day is sufficient. On the other hand, the increasing productiveness of labour with a simultaneous shortening of the necessary labour time results in the relative surplus value.When the productiveness of labour is as a result of increasing social labour productivity in branches producing means of subsistence for the workers and their families, it serves to reduce the value of labour power and subsequently produces absolute and relative surplus value when the necessary labour time is reduced at the expense of the surplus labour time. However, the more the productiveness of labour increases, the more can the working day be shortened; and the more the working day is shortened , the more can the productiveness of labour increase.VARIOUS FORMULAE FOR THE RATE OF SURPLUS VALUE: The rate of surplus value in production is defined by Marx as the volume of surplus value produced by the workforce divided by the variable capital expended to produce: a Surplus value S = Surplus value = Surplus labour Variable capital V Value of labour power Necessary labour b. Surplus labour =Surplus value =Surplus product Working day Value of the Product Total ProductHere, the intensity and productiveness of labour embodied in a working day depicts the degree of exploitation of labour. The formula for the mass of surplus value (S) is = S’x V, where S is the rate of surplus value and V is the variable capital advanced for the remuneration of all the workers. Evidently, the mass of surplus can be increased both by increasing the rate of the exploitation of labour power and by increasing the number of wage workers. Conclusion:

LIfe Goals Essay

I left college for a year to come back home and work. At the time that I left school I didn’t think that it was for me. I was working my butt off at school every day with no reward. At times I felt as if it was all for nothing. I didn’t have a job, I needed money and I stayed stressed out and bogged down with all different types of coursework. I just felt that my talents and effort could be put to better use elsewhere. I felt that if I dropped out and became employed full time that that situation would better suit me. However, after having had taken the working man’s route and still barely making ends meet I feel like I made an irrational decision by leaving college. I also found out that a college graduate has the potential to make up to a million more dollars in their lifetime as opposed to those with only a high school diploma. That tiny bit of information was enough to change my mind and lead me towards wanting to get back into school. I made a hasty decision in leaving school in the first place. I was more concerned about my current living situation instead of being focused on long term goals and how successful I wanted to be later on in life. I guess I can say that I had a little growing up to do. Now I can confidently say that I’m more focused than I’ve ever been in my entire life and that nothing will hinder me from becoming successful.

Explore the World With Virtual Field Trips

Explore the World With Virtual Field Trips Today there are more ways than ever to see the world from the comfort of your classroom. Options vary from live-streaming explorations, to websites that allow you to explore a location via videos and 360 ° photos, to full-on virtual reality experiences. Virtual Field Trips Your classroom may be hundreds of miles away from the White House or the International Space Station, but thanks to these high quality virtual tours that make good use of  voiceovers, text, videos, and related activities, students can get a real sense of what its like to visit.   The White House:  A virtual visit to the White House features a tour of the Eisenhower Executive Office as well as a look at the art of the ground floor and the state floor. Visitors can also explore the White House grounds, view the presidential portraits that hang in the White House, and investigate the dinnerware that has been used during various presidential administrations. The International Space Station:  Thanks to NASA’s video tours, viewers can get a guided tour of the International Space Station with Commander Suni Williams. In addition to learning about the space station itself, visitors will learn how astronauts exercise to prevent the loss of bone density and muscle mass, how they get rid of their trash, and how they wash their hair and brush their teeth in zero gravity. The Statue of Liberty:  If you can’t visit the Statue of Liberty in person, this virtual tour is the next best thing. With 360 ° panoramic photos, along with videos and text, you control the field trip experience. Before beginning, read through the icon descriptions so that you can take full advantage of all the extras that are available. Virtual Reality Field Trips With new and increasingly affordable technology, its easy to find online field trips that offer a complete  virtual reality  experience. Explorers can purchase cardboard virtual reality goggles for less than $10 each, giving users an experience almost as good as actually visiting the location. Theres no need to manipulate a mouse or click a page to navigate. Even an inexpensive pair of goggles provides a life-like experience allowing visitors to look around the venue just as if they were visiting in person. Google Expeditions offers one of the best virtual reality field trip experiences. Users download an app available for Android or iOS. You can explore on your own or as a group. If you choose the group option, someone (usually a parent or teacher), acts as the guide and leads the expedition on a tablet. The guide selects the adventure and walks explorers through, directing them to points of interest. You can visit historical landmarks and museums, swim in the ocean, or head to Mount Everest.   Discovery Education:  Another high-quality VR field trip option is Discovery Education. For years, the Discovery Channel has provided viewers with educational programming. Now, they offer a phenomenal virtual reality experience for classrooms and parents. As with Google Expeditions, students can enjoy Discovery’s virtual field trips on desktop or mobile without goggles. The 360 ° videos are breathtaking. To add the full VR experience, students will need to download the app and use a VR viewer and their mobile device. Discovery offers live virtual field trip options- viewers just need to register and join the trip at the scheduled time- or explorers can choose from any of the archived trips. There are adventures such as  a Kilimanjaro Expedition, a journey to the Museum of Science in Boston, or a visit to Pearl Valley Farm to learn how eggs get from the farm to your table. Live Virtual Field Trips Another option for exploring via virtual field trips is to join a live-streaming event.  All you need is an internet connection and a device such as a desktop or tablet. The advantage of the live events is the opportunity to participate in real time by asking questions or participating in polls, but if  you miss an event, you can watch a recording of it at your convenience. Field Trip Zoom  is a site that offers such events for  classrooms and home schools. There is an annual fee for using the service, but it allows a single classroom or homeschooling family to participate in as many field trips as they’d like during the year. The field trips aren’t virtual tours but educational programs designed for specific grade levels and curriculum standards. Options include  visits to Ford’s Theater, the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, learning about DNA at the National Law Enforcement Museum, trips to the Space Center in Houston, or the Alaska Sealife Center. Users can watch pre-recorded events or register for upcoming events and watch live. During live events, students can ask questions by typing in a question and answer tab. Sometimes the field trip partner will set up a poll that allows students to answer in real time. National Geographic Explorer Classroom:  Finally, don’t miss National Geographic’s Explorer Classroom. All you need to join in on these live-streaming field trips is access to YouTube. The first six classrooms to register get to interact live with the field trip guide, but everyone can ask questions using Twitter and #ExplorerClassroom. Viewers can  register and join in live at the scheduled time, or watch archived events on the Explorer Classroom YouTube channel. The experts leading National Geographic’s virtual field trips include deep sea explorers, archaeologists, conservationists, marine biologists, space architects, and many  more.

The Best SAT and ACT Test Dates for Senior Fall

The Best SAT and ACT Test Dates for Senior Fall SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Senior year is coming up, and you're ready to take a last shot at the SAT or ACT before applying to college. But when should you take the test? And how can you ensure that your scores make it to colleges on time? Read on to see a list of the fall and winter test dates as well as a detailed guide onhow to choose the best date for your situation. First Up: Make Sure You Have the Right Target Score Make sure that you know what score you need for the schools you're applying to. Read our guide on figuring out what score you need for the SAT and for the ACT. Test Dates and Deadlines for Seniors PrepScholar uses analysis of historical data and date selection principles to project these registration deadlines. The official registration deadlines for the 2019-20 school year haven't been released by the College Board and the ACT yet, but the test dates themselves are definitively based on official predicted schedules. SAT Test Dates August 24 Regular registration deadline: July 26 Late registration deadline: August 14 October 5 Regular registration deadline: September 6 Late registration deadline: September 25 November 2 Regular registration deadline: October 4Late registration deadline: October 23 December 7 Regular registration deadline: November 8Late registration deadline: November 26 ACT Test Dates July 13 Regular registration deadline: June 14Late registration deadline: June 24 September 7 Regular registration deadline: August 9Late registration deadline: August 25 October 26 Regular registration deadline: September 27Late registration deadline: October 13 December 7 Regular registration deadline: November 1Late registration deadline: November 18 February 8, 2020 Regular registration deadline: January 10Late registration deadline: January 17 These are just dates that are most relevant to seniorscheck out our full list of 2018-2019 test dates here. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Which Test Dates Should I Pick? Your decision should be based on a few different factors;college application deadlines and score goals are the most important. In general, try and go for the earlier dates to reduce stress! Choosing the Best Test Date for Your College Applications Before you settle on a testing date, make sure you know the application deadlines for your schools.If you are applying Early Decision or Early Action, most colleges have November application deadlines. If you are applying regular decision, applications are usually due in early January. Schools often accept SAT and ACT scores after application deadlines, but to verify this you should look up policies at the specific schools where you are planning on submitting scores. Harvard, for example, advises you to submit at least one component of its testing requirements (SAT, ACT, or two SAT subject tests) by October for Early Action and November for regular decision. However, they will continue to accept results from test dates as late as November for Early Action and as late as January for regular decision. There are some schools, including Yale, that will even accept scores from regular decision applicants on tests taken as late as February (for the ACT). As a general rule, if you are applying Early Action or Early Decision, the latest you should take the SAT is November 5, and the latest you should take the ACT is October 22.If you are applying regular decision, the latest you should take the SAT is January 28, and the latest you should take the ACT is February 11. Again, these are the LATEST dates you might take the tests - they may not be the best dates for your situation. If you wait for your results before sending scores to colleges rather than choosing to send scores the day of the test, you will end up with about a month between when you take the test and when colleges receive your scores.The ACT takes around two weeks to give you your scores, and theSAT takes around three weeks.Then it’s another two weeks or so to send the scores to your schools unless you use Rush Reporting. Rush Reportingsends your scores to colleges within two business days, but it will cost you almost three times the fee associated with a regular score report ($31 vs. $11.25), and some schools don't accept it. Make sure you're aware of how late your schools will accept SAT and ACT scores if your scores won’t make it there by the application deadline. How the College Board apparently sends your scores, am I right? Choosing the Best Test Date for Your Score Goals Whether or not you're planning on taking the SAT or ACT more than once this year, my advice is toaim for the first fall test date. That's October 1 for the SAT and September 10 for the ACT. Then, you can formulate a game plan for the rest of the year based on your performance. I Took the October SAT, Now What? The most important considerations for you to plan your testing strategy are: 1) whether you can even register for the next test date, and 2) whether you can avoid late fees. Generally speaking, the registration deadlines are packed so tightly that if you don't register for the next test right before you get your scores back, you're going to run into late fees. Here's a chart that shows how this will play out: Which Test? Test Date Deadline Late Deadline Score Release SAT Oct 5, 2019 Sep 6, 2019 Sep 25, 2019 Oct 25, 2019 SAT Nov 2, 2019 Oct 4, 2019 Oct 23, 2019 Nov 22, 2019 SAT Dec 7, 2019 Nov 8, 2019 Nov 22, 2019 Dec 27, 2019 For example: October's test date is October 5, and test scores should come out around October 25. November's normal registration deadline is October 4, and its late registration deadline is October 23. Therefore: If you're sure you want to take both October and November tests, register for the November test before you take the October test on October 1 to avoid late fees. If you take the October test and have not registered for the November test,wait for your scores to arrive. If they're not good, register for the November test immediately so you don't miss the late registration deadline. November and December are even tighter: If you're sure you want to take both November and December test dates, register for the December test before you take the November test on November 3 to avoid late fees. November scores should come out November 22. The late registration deadline for December is November 22. Thus, you cannot wait to receive your November scores before registering for the December test. If you take the November test and feel like you did poorly, immediately register for the December test for your last chance. If the extra fees are not significant to you, and you feel like you need many chances to take the test, err on the side of caution and register for all the test dates. You can cancel your test dates without any issueit won't go on your record and the College Board will gladly just take your money. I Took the September ACT, Now What? Let's go through the same logic for ACT test dates in 2018-19 here. Which Test? Test Date Deadline Late Deadline Score Release ACT Sept 7, 2019 Aug 9, 2019 Aug 25, 2019 Sept 17, 2019 ACT Oct 26, 2019 Sept 27, 2019 Oct 13, 2019 Nov 12, 2019 ACT Dec 7, 2019 Nov 1, 2019 Nov 18, 2019 Dec 17, 2019 If you take the September test: the normal registration deadline for the October test is September 27. This is after the September test date of September 8, 2018. Therefore, if you take the September test and don't feel good about it, before you get your scores back, register for the October test to avoid late fees. when you get your September scores back on September 17, if you need to retake, quickly register for the October test to avoid a late fee. If you take the October test: the normal registration deadline for the December test is November 1. This isafter the October test date of October 27, 2018. Therefore, if you take the October test and don't feel good about it, before you get your scores back, register for the December test to avoid late fees. when you get your October scores back on November 12, if you need to retake, quickly register for the December test with a late fee. Hopefully all of this helps you plan out the step by step testing plan for senior year. Choosing the Best Test Date for Your Study Plan By the end of your junior year, you probably know how much you are looking to improve on standardized tests before you send scores to colleges. The summer between junior and senior year is a great studying opportunity. If you are hoping to dramatically change your scores, putting in 5 hours a week for those three months is likely to give you a 150-200 point boost on the SAT or a 4-6 point boost on the ACT.For more advice on creating a study plan, check out our Complete Plans for both the SAT and ACT. You should register for the first fall test date even if you think you still need to study more. Every test session presents a unique opportunity to assess your strengths and weaknesses in a controlled environment.You can always sign up for the next date right away if the first test doesn't go as well as you hoped! Make sure you save time outside of studying to engage in fun summer activities, which apparently at some point in history included walking along depressing beaches in wildly impractical dresses. Overview Be aware of your application deadlines. Check with your schools to see when they accept test scores. Be prepared to sign up for the test again if you aren’t satisfied the first time. The earlier test date is the better test datebecause you will have more opportunities later on to improve your scores! What's Next? Find out which exact dates you want to choose with our Table of 2016-2017 SAT Test Dates. Check out this article if you're wondering how many times you should take the SAT overall.Or, take a look at this advice if you're just debating whether you should retake the ACT or SAT. Still need to take your SAT subject tests? Here are some upcoming dates and advice on which ones you should choose. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

With reference to literature, examine the shift from a medical Essay

With reference to literature, examine the shift from a medical understanding of disability to social one. Discuss the extent to which the social model itself can now be considered outdated - Essay Example Currently, medical model of disability is used by many people use it to view disability. The social model, on the other hand, has been the outcry of many disabled people established to challenge the medical model. It is propagated by the disabled people who feel that their disability is as a result of personal problem and would prefer to keep their disability, and avoid treatment. This paper seeks to discuss the extent to which the social model itself can be viewed as outdated in reference to the shift in medical understanding of disability. The medical model of disability can be said to be a social political model. The model advocates that disability is inborn and is as a result of physical condition found within an individual. This disability can affect an individual emotionally, physically and mentally affecting how the person acts within the society. In this model, the problem is located within the individual (Norwich 2008 pp.54). The model advocates for seeking medical attention for treatment for the impairments or the disabled. The medical intervention provided to people with impairments enables them to fit well within the society without frustrations. The medical model attempts to explain that, the individual disability emanates from clinical conditions and it does not make distinctions between impairments and individual disability (Shakespeare1998 pp.36) In this model, the disabled individuals need to be provided with attention and help to fit in the society, and if this turn out to be problematic the disabled individuals should be taken to institutions that accommodate them while providing services that help them live within the society. The model brings out stereotypes among people who are not disabled influencing their attitudes and perceptions where they see the disabled people with a lot of pity, fear and negative attitudes towards them. The power to help and change the disabled individuals seems

Research proposal Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research proposal - Dissertation Example The errors encountered while trying to understand a second language are dependent on the method (s) of acquisition. Learning is not as faster as being taught in class. On the best possible way to teach a second language, several errors are realized while teaching a second language and thus the context should be set through the adoption of several teachings methods with more emphasis on the topic, the presenter and the setting. There is very little evidence on the errors experienced while trying to learn a second language. Statement of the Problem There is very little literature if any on errors of learning a second language and hence this proposal. However, Krashen, S. D. (1981) in his research study title principles and practice in second language learning points out that learning a new language depends on the feeling of correctness. Krashen developed several hypotheses and tried to prove them qualitatively arguing that quantitative research design may not give all that it is expect ed as directed by the research questions. To Krashen, the errors encountered while trying to understand a second language are dependent on the method (s) of acquisition. Learning is not as faster as being taught in class. Cook, V. (2000) in support of Krashen’s arguments points that learning a second language with success depends on the willingness and ability to graps the first language. To Cook, the in-ability to learn the first language means that learning a second language may be difficult. To gain a deeper understanding of the perceived errors in learning a second language, Cook employed the use of a sample from an entire population of non-English students in a linguist setting using stratified sampling for uniformity of the results. They were then required to read aloud several English words while recording their different scents. Cook was able to detect that, those that had acquired the English language by being taught has grasped it with finality while those that had learned on themselves were not that proficient. Banes (2002) in his research on the best possible way to teach a second language sums up saying that several errors are realized while teaching a second language and thus the context should be set through the adoption of several teachings methods with more emphasis on the topic, the presenter and the setting. The above citations are proof that there is very little evidence on the errors experienced while trying to learn a second language. Aims and Objectives The aims of the proposed study include; Establishing the impact of second language learning among Saudis; and Gauging perceptions of Saudis in relation to second language learning. This will be aimed at; Identifying the errors involved in learning a second language; Enabling policy makers to take a holistic approach in the learning systems; Identify key hindrances to second learning; and Proposing strategies/policies to the education sector; Sensitizing Saudis on the advantages of second language learning and the common errors made. Research Questions In the conducting the research, the researcher aims at answering the following research questions; Are Saudis aware of the advantages of learning a second